RIO(1) RIO(1)
NAME
rio, label, window, wloc - window system
SYNOPSIS
rio [ -i 'cmd' ] [ -k 'kbdcmd' ] [ -s ] [ -b ] [ -f font ]
label name
window [ -m ] [ -r minx miny maxx maxy ] [ -dx n ] [ -dy n ]
[ -minx n ] [ -miny n ] [ -maxx n ] [ -maxy n ] [ -cd dir ]
[ -hide ] [ -scroll ] [ -noscroll ] [ cmd arg ... ]
wloc
DESCRIPTION
Rio manages asynchronous layers of text, or windows, on a
raster display. It also serves a variety of files for com-
municating with and controlling windows; these are discussed
in section rio(4).
Commands
The rio command starts a new instance of the window system.
Its -i option names a startup script, which typically con-
tains several window commands generated by wloc. The -k
option causes rio to run the command kbdcmd at startup and
allow it to provide characters as keyboard input; the
keyboard program described in bitsyload(1) is the usual
choice.
The -s option initializes windows so that text scrolls; the
default is not to scroll. The -b option reverses the normal
color scheme for windows, painting white text on a black
background. The font argument names a font used to display
text, both in rio's menus and as a default for any programs
running in its windows; it also establishes the environment
variable $font. If -f is not given, rio uses the imported
value of $font if set; otherwise it imports the default font
from the underlying graphics server, usually the terminal's
operating system.
The label command changes a window's identifying name.
The window command creates a window. By default, it creates
a shell window and sizes and places it automatically. The
geometry arguments control the size (dx, dy) and placement
(minx, miny, maxx, maxy); the units are pixels with the
upper left corner of the screen at (0, 0). The hide option
causes the window to be created off-screen. The scroll and
noscroll options set the scroll mode. The cd option sets
the working directory. The optional command and arguments
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define which program to run in the window.
By default, window uses /dev/wctl (see rio(4)) to create the
window and run the command. Therefore, the window and com-
mand will be created by rio and run in a new file name
space, just as if the window had been created using the
interactive menu. However, the -m option uses the file
server properties of rio to mount (see bind(1)) the new
window's name space within the name space of the program
calling window. This means, for example, that running window
in a CPU window will create another window whose command
runs on the terminal, where rio is running; while window -m
will create another window whose command runs on the CPU
server.
The wloc command prints the coordinates and label of each
window in its instance of rio and is used to construct argu-
ments for window.
Window control
Each window behaves as a separate terminal with at least one
process associated with it. When a window is created, a new
process (usually a shell; see rc(1)) is established and
bound to the window as a new process group. Initially, each
window acts as a simple terminal that displays character
text; the standard input and output of its processes are
attached to /dev/cons. Other special files, accessible to
the processes running in a window, may be used to make the
window a more general display. Some of these are mentioned
here; the complete set is discussed in rio(4).
One window is current, and is indicated with a dark border
and text; characters typed on the keyboard are available in
the /dev/cons file of the process in the current window.
Characters written on /dev/cons appear asynchronously in the
associated window whether or not the window is current.
Windows are created, deleted and rearranged using the mouse.
Clicking (pressing and releasing) mouse button 1 in a non-
current window makes that window current and brings it in
front of any windows that happen to be overlapping it. When
the mouse cursor points to the background area or is in a
window that has not claimed the mouse for its own use,
pressing mouse button 3 activates a menu of window opera-
tions provided by rio. Releasing button 3 then selects an
operation. At this point, a gunsight or cross cursor indi-
cates that an operation is pending. The button 3 menu oper-
ations are:
New Create a window. Press button 3 where one corner of
the new rectangle should appear (cross cursor), and
move the mouse, while holding down button 3, to the
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diagonally opposite corner. Releasing button 3 cre-
ates the window, and makes it current. Very small
windows may not be created.
Resize Change the size and location of a window. First
click button 3 in the window to be changed (gunsight
cursor). Then sweep out a window as for the New
operation. The window is made current.
Move Move a window to another location. After pressing
and holding button 3 over the window to be moved
(gunsight cursor), indicate the new position by
dragging the rectangle to the new location. The
window is made current. Windows may be moved par-
tially off-screen.
Delete Delete a window. Click in the window to be deleted
(gunsight cursor). Deleting a window causes a
`hangup' note to be sent to all processes in the
window's process group (see notify(2)).
Hide Hide a window. Click in the window to be hidden
(gunsight cursor); it will be moved off-screen.
Each hidden window is given a menu entry in the but-
ton 3 menu according to the value of the file
/dev/label, which rio maintains (see rio(4)).
label Restore a hidden window.
Windows may also be arranged by dragging their borders.
Pressing button 1 or 2 over a window's border allows one to
move the corresponding edge or corner, while button 3 moves
the whole window.
Text windows
Characters typed on the keyboard or written to /dev/cons
collect in the window to form a long, continuous document.
There is always some selected text, a contiguous string
marked on the screen by reversing its color. If the
selected text is a null string, it is indicated by a hair-
line cursor between two characters. The selected text may
be edited by mousing and typing. Text is selected by point-
ing and clicking button 1 to make a null-string selection,
or by pointing, then sweeping with button 1 pressed. Text
may also be selected by double-clicking: just inside a
matched delimiter-pair with one of {[(<«`'" on the left and
}])>»`'" on the right, it selects all text within the pair;
at the beginning or end of a line, it selects the line;
within or at the edge of an alphanumeric word, it selects
the word.
Characters typed on the keyboard replace the selected text;
if this text is not empty, it is placed in a snarf buffer
common to all windows but distinct from that of sam(1).
Programs access the text in the window at a single point
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maintained automatically by rio. The output point is the
location in the text where the next character written by a
program to /dev/cons will appear; afterwards, the output
point is the null string beyond the new character. The out-
put point is also the location in the text of the next char-
acter that will be read (directly from the text in the win-
dow, not from an intervening buffer) by a program from
/dev/cons. When such a read will occur is, however, under
control of rio and the user.
In general there is text in the window after the output
point, usually placed there by typing but occasionally by
the editing operations described below. A pending read of
/dev/cons will block until the text after the output point
contains a newline, whereupon the read may acquire the text,
up to and including the newline. After the read, as
described above, the output point will be at the beginning
of the next line of text. In normal circumstances, there-
fore, typed text is delivered to programs a line at a time.
Changes made by typing or editing before the text is read
will not be seen by the program reading it. If the program
in the window does not read the terminal, for example if it
is a long-running computation, there may accumulate multiple
lines of text after the output point; changes made to all
this text will be seen when the text is eventually read.
This means, for example, that one may edit out newlines in
unread text to forestall the associated text being read when
the program finishes computing. This behavior is very dif-
ferent from most systems.
Even when there are newlines in the output text, rio will
not honor reads if the window is in hold mode, which is
indicated by a white cursor and blue text and border. The
ESC character toggles hold mode. Some programs, such as
mail(1), automatically turn on hold mode to simplify the
editing of multi-line text; type ESC when done to allow mail
to read the text.
An EOT character (control-D) behaves exactly like newline
except that it is not delivered to a program when read.
Thus on an empty line an EOT serves to deliver an end-of-
file indication: the read will return zero characters. Like
newlines, unread EOTs may be successfully edited out of the
text. The BS character (control-H) erases the character
before the selected text. The ETB character (control-W)
erases any nonalphanumeric characters, then the alphanumeric
word just before the selected text. `Alphanumeric' here
means non-blanks and non-punctuation. The NAK character
(control-U) erases the text after the output point, and not
yet read by a program, but not more than one line. All
these characters are typed on the keyboard and hence replace
the selected text; for example, typing a BS with a word
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selected places the word in the snarf buffer, removes it
from the screen, and erases the character before the word.
An ACK character (control-F) or Insert character triggers
file name completion for the preceding string (see
complete(2)).
Typing a left or right arrow moves the cursor one character
in that direction. Typing an SOH character (control-A)
moves the cursor to the beginning of the current line; an
ENQ character (control-E) moves to the end. The STX charac-
ter (control-B) moves the cursor to the output point.
Text may be moved vertically within the window. A scroll
bar on the left of the window shows in its clear portion
what fragment of the total output text is visible on the
screen, and in its gray part what is above or below view; it
measures characters, not lines. Mousing inside the scroll
bar moves text: clicking button 1 with the mouse pointing
inside the scroll bar brings the line at the top of the win-
dow to the cursor's vertical location; button 3 takes the
line at the cursor to the top of the window; button 2,
treating the scroll bar as a ruler, jumps to the indicated
portion of the stored text. Holding a button pressed in the
scroll bar will cause the text to scroll continuously until
the button is released. Also, a page down or down-arrow
scrolls forward half a window, and page up or up-arrow
scrolls back. Typing the home key scrolls to the top of the
window; typing the end key scrolls to the bottom.
The DEL character sends an `interrupt' note to all processes
in the window's process group. Unlike the other characters,
the DEL, VIEW, and up- and down-arrow keys do not affect the
selected text. The left (right) arrow key moves the selec-
tion to one character before (after) the current selection.
Normally, written output to a window blocks when the text
reaches the end of the screen; a button 2 menu item toggles
scrolling.
Other editing operations are selected from a menu on button
2. The cut operation deletes the selected text from the
screen and puts it in the snarf buffer; snarf copies the
selected text to the buffer without deleting it; paste
replaces the selected text with the contents of the buffer;
and send copies the snarf buffer to just after the output
point, adding a final newline if missing. Paste will some-
times and send will always place text after the output
point; the text so placed will behave exactly as described
above. Therefore when pasting text containing newlines
after the output point, it may be prudent to turn on hold
mode first.
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The plumb menu item sends the contents of the selection (not
the snarf buffer) to the plumber(4). If the selection is
empty, it sends the white-space-delimited text containing
the selection (typing cursor). A typical use of this fea-
ture is to tell the editor to find the source of an error by
plumbing the file and line information in a compiler's diag-
nostic.
Raw text windows
Opening or manipulating certain files served by rio sup-
presses some of the services supplied to ordinary text win-
dows. While the file /dev/mouse is open, any mouse opera-
tions are the responsibility of another program running in
the window. Thus, rio refrains from maintaining the scroll
bar, supplying text editing or menus, interpreting the VIEW
key as a request to scroll, and also turns scrolling on.
The file /dev/consctl controls interpretation of keyboard
input. In particular, a raw mode may be set: in a raw-input
window, no typed keyboard characters are special, they are
not echoed to the screen, and all are passed to a program
immediately upon reading, instead of being gathered into
lines.
Graphics windows
A program that holds /dev/mouse and /dev/consctl open after
putting the console in raw mode has complete control of the
window: it interprets all mouse events, gets all keyboard
characters, and determines what appears on the screen.
FILES
/lib/font/bit/* font directories
/mnt/wsys Files served by rio (also unioned in
/dev in a window's name space, before
the terminal's real /dev files)
/srv/rio.user.pid Server end of rio.
/srv/riowctl.user.pid Named pipe for wctl messages.
SOURCE
/sys/src/cmd/rio
/rc/bin/label
/rc/bin/window
/rc/bin/wloc
SEE ALSO
rio(4), rc(1), cpu(1), sam(1), mail(1), proof(1),
graphics(2), frame(2), window(2), notify(2), cons(3),
draw(3), mouse(3), keyboard(6)
BUGS
The standard input of window is redirected to the newly cre-
ated window, so there is no way to pipe the output of a
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program to the standard input of the new window. In some
cases, plumb(1) can be used to work around this limitation.
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